Women’s health symptoms glossary

Your guide to women’s health. From hormonal shifts to key symptoms, explore the essential terms shaping well-being.

A

Abdomen

The part of the body containing the digestive organs, located between the chest and pelvis, important for core stability and pelvic health.

Acupuncture

A therapeutic practice where thin needles are inserted into specific points on the body to promote healing, reduce pelvic pain, and alleviate tension in pelvic muscles.

Acupuncturist

Healthcare professional who uses acupuncture to promote healing, manage pain, and improve overall body function by stimulating specific points on the body.

Adductors

Inner thigh muscles responsible for moving the legs toward the body's midline, stabilizing the pelvis during activities like walking and squatting.

Adenomyosis

Condition where tissue similar to the uterine lining grows into the muscle wall of the uterus. This can cause heavy menstrual bleeding, painful periods, and pelvic pain.

Aging

The natural process of growing older, which can impact pelvic health through hormonal changes, muscle weakening, and tissue elasticity loss.

Alignment

The proper positioning of the body’s structures, such as the pelvis and spine, to evenly distribute weight and reduce strain, promoting pelvic and overall health.

Anal Fissure

Small tears or cuts in the skin around the anus, often caused by passing large or hard stools. It can cause sharp pain, especially during or after bowel movements, and may lead to bleeding.

Anal Sphincter

A circular muscle that controls the release of stool and gas from the rectum, playing a key role in bowel continence.

Anorectal Manometry

A test measuring the strength, coordination, and function of the anal and rectal muscles, often used to diagnose bowel disorders.

Awareness

Understanding and recognizing the importance of pelvic health, including signs of dysfunction and the need for preventive care.

B

Balance

The ability to maintain stability and coordination, supported by a strong core and pelvic floor, essential for daily movement and injury prevention.

Bartholin’s Cyst

A fluid-filled swelling in the Bartholin's gland, located near the vaginal opening, often caused by blockage or infection.

Technique used to help individuals gain awareness and control of their pelvic floor muscles. It involves using sensors to monitor muscle activity, providing real-time feedback (visual or auditory) to guide patients in strengthening or relaxing their pelvic floor.

Bladder

A hollow organ in the pelvis that stores urine before it is expelled from the body, playing a critical role in urinary function.

Bladder Diary

Tool used to track urinary habits and symptoms over a set period, usually 3-7 days. It involves recording details such as the time and amount of urine passed, fluid intake, frequency of bathroom visits, and any instances of incontinence or urgency.

Bladder Retraining

Behavioral therapy that helps improve bladder control by gradually increasing the time between bathroom trips. It reduces symptoms like frequent urination and urgency through techniques such as scheduled bathroom breaks, resisting the urge to urinate, and pelvic floor exercises.

Bladder Sling

Surgical device used to treat stress urinary incontinence by placing a mesh or tissue sling under the urethra to support it and prevent leakage during activities that pressure the bladder, like coughing or sneezing.

Body Mechanics

The way the body moves and maintains posture during daily activities to prevent strain and promote efficiency.

Botox Injection

A treatment using botulinum toxin to relax overactive or spasming pelvic floor muscles, often used for pain or incontinence.

Bowel Movements

The regular elimination of waste through the rectum, a process closely tied to pelvic floor strength and control.

Bowel Pain

Discomfort or cramping in the abdomen, often caused by digestive issues such as gas, constipation, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), or infections. It can range from mild to severe and may be accompanied by bloating, diarrhea, or changes in bowel habits.

Bracing

The act of engaging the core muscles, including the pelvic floor, to stabilize the trunk and spine during movement or heavy lifting.

Breathwork

Intentional breathing exercises aimed at improving oxygenation, relaxation, and muscle coordination, including the pelvic floor and diaphragm.

Bridge Exercise

A strengthening exercise that targets the glutes, core, and pelvic floor by lifting the hips off the ground while lying on the back.

Bulbocavernosus

A pelvic floor muscle involved in sexual function and support, aiding in clitoral erection, ejaculation, and vaginal closure.

C

Cervix

The lower, narrow part of the uterus that opens into the vagina, playing a role in fertility, childbirth, and menstrual health.

Cesarean Section Recovery

Healing from a surgical birth, where an incision is made through the abdomen and uterus to deliver a baby. Recovery typically includes managing pain, caring for the incision site, and gradually resuming physical activities.

Childbirth

The process of delivering a baby, which places significant strain on the pelvic floor and surrounding structures, often requiring recovery and care.

Chiropractor

Addresses pelvic alignment and spinal health, which can influence pelvic floor function.

Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome (CPPS)

A persistent, non-cyclic pain in the pelvic region, often linked to issues with muscles, nerves, or other pelvic structures.

Coccydynia (Tailbone Pain)

Discomfort in the area of the tailbone (coccyx) at the base of the spine. It can be caused by trauma, prolonged sitting, pregnancy, or muscle strain. Symptoms include sharp or aching pain, especially when sitting or standing up.

Coccyx

The tailbone, located at the base of the spine, supports the pelvic floor and can be a source of pain when injured or misaligned.

Colorectal Surgeon

Surgeon specializes in the surgical treatment of rectal, anal, and bowel-related conditions, including hemorrhoids, cancer, and prolapse.

Colposcopy

A diagnostic procedure to examine the cervix, vagina, and vulva using a magnifying device, typically following abnormal Pap test results.

Constipation

Infrequent, difficult, or incomplete bowel movements for several weeks or longer. Symptoms often include straining, hard or lumpy stools, a sensation of blockage, or feeling that the bowels haven’t completely emptied.

Coordination

The ability of muscles to work together efficiently and in a controlled manner, essential for proper pelvic floor function.

Core

The group of muscles, including the pelvic floor, diaphragm, abdominals, and back muscles, that stabilize and support the torso.

Core Activation

Engaging core muscles in a coordinated way to improve stability, support movement, and protect the spine and pelvis.

Core Stability

The ability of the core muscles to maintain proper alignment and control of the torso during movement or under load.

Cystitis

Inflammation of the bladder, often caused by a urinary tract infection (UTI), resulting in pain, urgency, and frequent urination.

Cystocele

When the bladder drops from its normal position and bulges into the vaginal wall due to weakened or stretched pelvic floor muscles. Common causes include childbirth, aging, menopause, and activities that put strain on the pelvic area, such as heavy lifting or chronic coughing.

Cystometry

A diagnostic test measuring bladder function, including its ability to store and release urine, often used for incontinence assessment.

Cystoscopy

A diagnostic procedure in which a thin tube with a camera is inserted into the bladder via the urethra to examine urinary tract health.

D

Defecography

An imaging test that evaluates the function of the rectum and pelvic floor during bowel movements.

Diaphragm

A dome-shaped muscle under the ribcage that plays a key role in breathing and works in tandem with the pelvic floor to regulate pressure in the abdomen.

Diaphragmatic Breathing

A breathing technique focusing on deep, abdominal breaths to enhance relaxation, reduce tension, and coordinate with pelvic floor movement.

Diastasis Recti

Separation of abdominal muscles along the midline, often during or after pregnancy, as the connective tissue (linea alba) stretches to accommodate a growing baby.

Dietitian

Healthcare professional who develops personalized dietary plans to support digestive health, weight management, and overall wellness.

Dry needling

A technique involving the insertion of thin needles into trigger points or tight muscles to relieve pain and improve mobility.

Dysmenorrhea (Painful Periods)

Painful menstrual cramps that occur just before or during menstruation. It’s characterized by throbbing or cramping pain in the lower abdomen, which can sometimes radiate to the lower back and thighs.

Dyspareunia (Painful Intercourse)

Persistent or recurrent pain during or after sexual intercourse. The pain can occur at the vaginal opening, deeper in the pelvis, or throughout the genital area.

Dyssynergic defecation

Pelvic floor disorder where muscles and nerves fail to coordinate during bowel movements, causing difficulty, straining, and incomplete emptying.

E

Education

Providing knowledge and resources about pelvic health to empower individuals to care for and address their specific needs

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

A group of connective tissue disorders that can cause joint hypermobility, pelvic instability, and increased risk of prolapse.

Elasticity

The ability of tissues, such as muscles and ligaments, to stretch and return to their original shape, critical for pelvic health and function.

Electric Stimulation Therapy

A treatment method using electrical currents to stimulate pelvic floor muscles, often used for incontinence, pain relief, or muscle re-education.

Endometriosis

Condition where tissue similar to the uterine lining grows outside the uterus, causing pain, heavy menstrual bleeding, and potentially infertility. Common symptoms include pelvic pain, painful periods, and pain during intercourse.

Enterocele

Type of pelvic organ prolapse where a portion of the small intestine descends and presses against the vaginal wall, often bulging into it. This happens due to weakened pelvic floor support, usually from factors like childbirth, chronic straining, or aging.

Episiotomy

Surgical incision in the perineum during childbirth to enlarge the vaginal opening, often for difficult deliveries or to prevent severe tearing. Once routine, episiotomies are now less common due to better outcomes with natural tearing.

Erectile Dysfunction

The inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for sexual activity, which can be related to pelvic floor health.

Ergonomics

Designing and arranging spaces to support healthy posture and movement, reducing strain on the pelvic region.

Estrogen

A hormone that helps maintain healthy vaginal tissue, pelvic floor function, and overall reproductive health, often supplemented post-menopause.

Exercises

Physical activities aimed at strengthening, stretching, and improving the function of the pelvic floor and surrounding muscles.

F

Fecal Incontinence

Inability to control bowel movements, leading to accidental stool leakage.

Fertility

Ability to conceive and bear offspring, influenced by age, health, lifestyle, and medical conditions. It includes natural conception or assisted reproduction.

Fiber

A dietary component that promotes digestive health and prevents constipation, reducing strain on the pelvic floor.

Fibroids

Non-cancerous growths in the uterine muscle that can cause symptoms like heavy bleeding, pelvic pain, frequent urination, and pain during intercourse. Their cause is unclear, but hormones like estrogen and progesterone play a role.

Fistula

An abnormal connection between two body parts, such as the bladder and vagina, often causing issues like incontinence or infection.

Fitness

Overall physical health and endurance, which includes maintaining pelvic health through core and pelvic-focused activities.

Flexibility

The ability of muscles and tissues to stretch and move freely, crucial for pelvic and overall mobility.

Foam Rolling

A self-massage technique using a cylindrical tool to release muscle tension, improve flexibility, and aid recovery.

Functional Movement

Natural movements that mimic daily activities, improving strength and coordination for tasks like lifting, walking, and bending.

Functional Urinary Incontinence

Occurs when physical or cognitive impairments, such as mobility issues or dementia, prevent a person from reaching the bathroom in time. The bladder functions normally, but the person is unable to recognize the urge or physically get to the bathroom before leakage occurs.

G

Gestational Diabetes

Type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy and affects how the body processes sugar (glucose). It typically occurs in the second or third trimester and is characterized by high blood sugar levels that can affect both the mother and baby.

Gynecologist

Healthcare professional who focuses on female reproductive health, including menstruation, fertility, pelvic pain, and conditions such as fibroids or endometriosis.

H

Hemorrhoids

Swollen blood vessels in the lower rectum or anus that can cause pain, itching, swelling, and bleeding. They can be internal or external, often resulting from straining, chronic constipation, pregnancy, or prolonged sitting.

Herniated Disc

A condition where the cushioning disc between vertebrae protrudes, potentially compressing nerves and causing pain or dysfunction.

Hip Flexors

A group of muscles, including the iliopsoas, that allow flexion of the hip joint, playing a vital role in walking, sitting, and pelvic stability.

Hormonal Balance

The stable and proper levels of hormones in the body, essential for reproductive health, menstrual cycles, and menopause management.

Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)

Medical treatment used to relieve menopause symptoms by replenishing estrogen, and sometimes progesterone, to address issues like hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, mood swings, and sleep disturbances.

Hydration

Adequate fluid intake to maintain overall health, including proper bladder function and bowel regularity.

Hydrotherapy

The use of water in therapy to reduce pain, improve circulation, and promote relaxation.

Hygiene

Practices to maintain cleanliness and prevent infections in the pelvic region, supporting overall health.

Hypertonic Pelvic Floor

Condition where the muscles in the pelvic floor are excessively tight or tense. This can lead to discomfort, pain, and difficulty with functions such as urination, bowel movements, and sexual activity. Unlike a strong pelvic floor, a hypertonic pelvic floor lacks the flexibility to relax properly.

Hypotonic Pelvic Floor

Condition where the pelvic floor muscles are too weak or have low tone, which can result in decreased support for pelvic organs. This weakness may lead to symptoms like urinary incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse, and reduced stability in the pelvic region.

Hysterectomy

Surgical removal of the uterus, typically done to treat conditions like cancer, fibroids, endometriosis, abnormal bleeding, or pelvic pain when other treatments are ineffective.

Hysteroscopy

A procedure using a thin scope to visualize and treat issues inside the uterus, such as fibroids or polyps.

I

Iliococcygeus

A pelvic floor muscle that supports the pelvic organs and contributes to core stability and continence.

Ilium

The largest, uppermost part of the pelvic bone, providing support for abdominal organs and attachment for muscles involved in movement.

Incontinence

The loss of control over urination or bowel movements, often linked to weak or dysfunctional pelvic floor muscles.

Infertility

Inability to conceive after a year of trying without contraception or to carry a pregnancy to term. It can result from issues with ovulation, sperm production, or reproductive organs.

Inflammation

The body's natural response to injury or infection, characterized by redness, swelling, heat, pain, and sometimes loss of function, as part of the healing process.

Internal Pelvic Exam

A manual assessment of the pelvic floor muscles performed by a trained clinician to evaluate strength, tension, and function.

Interstitial Cystitis (IC)

Chronic condition causing bladder pressure, pain, and frequent, urgent urination. Unlike a typical urinary tract infection, IC has no known infection cause, and symptoms may worsen with certain foods, stress, or menstruation.

Intra-abdominal Pressure

The pressure within the abdominal cavity, which impacts pelvic floor stability and organ support during activities.

Intrauterine Device (IUD)

A small, T-shaped device inserted into the uterus for long-term birth control, which may affect pelvic health in some cases.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Chronic gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits, such as diarrhea, constipation, or both.

Ischial Tuberosity

The bony protrusions at the bottom of the pelvis, often referred to as "sitting bones," providing support during sitting.

Ischium

The lower, back portion of the pelvic bone, forming the base of the pelvis and supporting weight when sitting.

Isometric Exercises

Exercises that involve contracting a muscle without changing its length, often used to strengthen the pelvic floor.

J

Joint Mobility

The ability of a joint to move freely through its range of motion, contributing to overall movement and pelvic alignment.

Joints

Structures connecting bones in the pelvis, crucial for movement, stability, and support.

K

Kegel Exercises

Contracting and relaxing muscles to strengthen them, improving bladder and bowel control, supporting pelvic health, and helping manage issues like incontinence and prolapse. Both men and women benefit when done consistently.

Kegel Weights (Vaginal weights)

Small, weighted devices designed to help strengthen the pelvic floor muscles. Inserted into the vagina, these weights require the user to contract and hold their pelvic floor muscles to keep the weight in place, providing resistance training.

Kinesiotape

Elastic therapeutic tape used to support and stabilize muscles and joints without restricting movement. It is commonly applied to help manage pain, reduce swelling, and promote healing by improving blood flow and lymphatic drainage.

L

Labrum

A ring of cartilage that lines the hip socket, stabilizing the joint and aiding smooth hip movement; damage to it can affect pelvic alignment.

Levator Ani

Group of muscles in the pelvic floor that support the pelvic organs, including the bladder, uterus, and rectum. These muscles help control bowel and urinary function and play a key role in maintaining pelvic stability and aiding in childbirth.

Ligaments

Connective tissues that provide stability to the pelvis by attaching bones and supporting organs.

Low Back Pain

Discomfort in the lower back, often caused by muscle strain, poor posture, or conditions like herniated discs or arthritis. It can range from mild to severe, with symptoms including aches, sharp pain, stiffness, or limited mobility.

Lubrication

Natural or artificial moisture in the vaginal area, essential for comfort during sexual activity and preventing irritation.

Lymphatic Drainage

The process of removing excess fluid and waste from tissues, which can reduce swelling and improve circulation.

M

Manual Therapy

Hands-on techniques used by therapists to mobilize tissues, improve function, and reduce pain, including in the pelvic region.

Massage Therapist

Healthcare professional who uses hands-on techniques to reduce muscle tension, improve circulation, and alleviate pain in various parts of the body.

Menopause

Natural biological process marking the end of a woman's menstrual cycles, typically between ages 45 and 55, marked by 12 months without a period. Symptoms include hot flashes, night sweats, mood changes, and vaginal dryness.

Menstrual Cycle

Monthly shedding of the uterine lining, lasting 3 to 7 days, triggered by hormonal changes. It occurs when there is no pregnancy, typically within a 21 to 35-day cycle.

Menstrual Health

The care and management of physical and emotional well-being related to the menstrual cycle.

Midwife

Healthcare professional who provides care during pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum, supporting both the physical and emotional aspects of maternal health.

Mindfulness

A mental practice focused on awareness and presence, which can help manage pain, stress, and pelvic health conditions.

Mixed Incontinence

A combination of stress incontinence (leakage during activities like coughing) and urge incontinence (sudden, strong need to urinate).

Mobility

The ability to move freely and efficiently, supported by a strong and functional pelvic floor.

Multifidi

Deep spinal muscles that stabilize the vertebrae and support proper posture and movement, crucial for core and pelvic health.

Muscle Spasm

Involuntary contraction of a muscle that can cause sudden pain and stiffness. Spasms can occur in any muscle and are often triggered by overuse, fatigue, dehydration, or underlying health conditions.

Muscle Tone

The level of muscle tension or firmness at rest, crucial for maintaining pelvic floor support and function.

Muscles

Tissues that enable movement, support posture, and maintain pelvic organ function, including the pelvic floor.

Muscular Endurance

The ability of a muscle to sustain activity over time, important for pelvic floor stability and posture.

Myofascial Release

A hands-on therapy targeting tight fascia (connective tissue) to reduce tension and improve mobility, often used in pelvic health treatment.

N

Naturopathic Doctor

Healthcare provider who employs holistic treatments, including diet, supplements, and natural remedies, to address a wide range of health concerns.

Neuromuscular Re-education

Therapeutic techniques to retrain nerves and muscles to improve movement, coordination, and pelvic floor function.

nocturia

Frequent need to wake up and urinate during the night, disrupting sleep and causing daytime fatigue. It can be caused by factors like aging, bladder conditions, infections, diabetes, heart problems, or lifestyle habits such as excessive fluid intake or medication use.

Nurse Practitioner

Healthcare professional who diagnoses and treats a wide range of medical conditions, providing preventative care and patient education in various specialties.

O

Obstetrician

Healthcare professional who manages pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum care, addressing complications and promoting maternal and fetal health.

Obturator Foramen

A large opening in the pelvic bone through which nerves and blood vessels pass, contributing to the structural integrity of the pelvis.

Occupational Therapist

Healthcare professional who focuses on helping individuals perform daily activities, such as dressing, bathing, and working, by improving strength, coordination, and environmental adaptations.

Orthopedic Specialist

Healthcare professional who treats conditions related to bones, joints, muscles, and ligaments, including injuries, arthritis, and structural abnormalities.

Osteoporosis

Condition characterized by weakened bones that are more prone to fractures. It occurs when the body loses too much bone mass or fails to produce enough new bone. This leads to reduced bone density and structural deterioration.

Ovarian cysts

Fluid-filled sacs on the ovaries, often harmless but occasionally causing pain, bloating, or hormonal imbalances.

Overactive Bladder

Frequent, urgent urination and urine leakage, often caused by involuntary bladder muscle contractions, irritation, or factors like age, medications, or nerve conditions.

Ovulation

The release of an egg from an ovary, a key part of the menstrual cycle and reproductive health.

P

Pain Management

Approaches to alleviate pain, including physical therapy, medication, relaxation, and mindfulness, tailored to pelvic health needs.

Pain Management Specialist

Healthcare specialist who focuses on treating acute or chronic pain using a combination of medications, physical therapies, and interventional procedures.

Painful Bladder Syndrome

A condition causing chronic pelvic pain and discomfort, often accompanied by frequent and urgent urination.

Pediatric Urologist

Healthcare professional who specializes in treating urinary and genital conditions in children, such as bedwetting, congenital abnormalities, and UTIs.

Pelvic Congestion Syndrome

Chronic pelvic pain caused by enlarged veins in the pelvis, similar to varicose veins. It results from impaired blood flow and may cause pain, heaviness, or aching, especially after standing or sexual activity.

Pelvic Floor

Group of muscles and tissues at the base of the pelvis that supports the bladder, intestines, and uterus (in women), while aiding bladder and bowel control, posture, stability, and sexual function.

Pelvic Floor Dysfunction

When the muscles, ligaments, and tissues of the pelvic floor don't function properly, leading to symptoms and health issues due to weakness, tightness, or poor coordination.

Pelvic Floor Muscle Training

A series of exercises, like Kegels, aimed at strengthening or relaxing the pelvic floor muscles to improve bladder control, reduce pain, or support pelvic organs.

Pelvic Floor Physical Therapist

Physical Therapist who specializes in the assessment and treatment of pelvic floor muscles through exercises, manual therapy, and biofeedback.

Pelvic Floor Physical Therapy

Specialized form of therapy that uses exercises, manual techniques, biofeedback, and education to treat dysfunction in the pelvic muscles, helping with pain, incontinence, prolapse, and sexual dysfunction.

Pelvic Floor Prep for Labor and Delivery

Pelvic floor exercises and techniques, such as Kegels, perineal massage, and breathing, strengthen and relax muscles to improve the birthing process, reduce tearing risk, aid pushing, and promote faster recovery.

Pelvic Girdle

The bony structure formed by the hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx, supporting the spine and connecting the lower limbs.

Pelvic Girdle Pain

Discomfort in the pelvic joints, often during pregnancy, causing pain in the lower back, hips, and groin. It can be triggered by movement, walking, or weight-bearing activities.

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

Infection of the reproductive organs, often caused by sexually transmitted infections. Symptoms include pelvic pain, abnormal discharge, fever, and pain during intercourse.

Pelvic Organ Prolapse

When pelvic organs, like the bladder or uterus, drop into the vaginal canal due to weakened pelvic muscles, often from childbirth, aging, or heavy lifting. Symptoms include vaginal bulging, urinary incontinence, pelvic pressure, and bowel issues.

Pelvic Pain

Discomfort or pain in the lower abdomen or pelvic region, which can result from various conditions such as menstrual cramps, pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis, or bladder issues. It can be acute or chronic and may involve sharp, dull, or cramping sensations.

Pelvic Pain Syndrome

Chronic or recurrent pain in the pelvic region caused by muscles, nerves, or organs, often affecting quality of life.

Pelvic Pressure

A sensation of heaviness or fullness in the pelvic area, often caused by conditions like prolapse or pelvic congestion.

Pelvic support belt

A supportive garment worn around the hips and pelvis to reduce pain, improve stability, and support pelvic structures during activities.

Pelvic Tilt

The movement of the pelvis forward, backward, or to the side, impacting posture and pelvic floor function.

Pelvic Ultrasound

An imaging technique using sound waves to examine pelvic organs, such as the bladder, uterus, ovaries, and prostate.

Pelvic Wand

Tool used to release tension and trigger points in the pelvic muscles through gentle internal massage, often with guidance from a therapist, to relieve pain and discomfort.

Pelvis

The region of the body located between the abdomen and thighs, housing vital organs like the bladder, uterus, and rectum.

perimenopause

Transitional phase before menopause, usually occurring in women in their 40s or 50s, marked by reduced estrogen, irregular periods, hot flashes, mood swings, and other physical and emotional symptoms.

Perinatal Care

Healthcare provided before, during, and after childbirth to support maternal and infant health.

Perineal Tears

Tears in the tissue between the vagina and anus, often occurring during childbirth, with varying degrees of severity.

Perineometer

A device used to measure the strength of pelvic floor muscle contractions, often in biofeedback therapy.

Perineum

The area of tissue between the genitalia and anus, supporting pelvic floor muscles and protecting underlying structures.

Pessary

Silicone or rubber device inserted into the vagina to support prolapsed pelvic organs like the bladder, rectum, or uterus. It comes in various shapes and sizes to relieve symptoms such as pelvic pressure, incontinence, and discomfort by providing structural support.

physiatrist

Rehabilitation specialist who addresses musculoskeletal, neurological, and chronic pain conditions to improve mobility and function.

Physical Therapist

Healthcare professional who helps improve movement and reduce pain through targeted exercises, manual therapy, and education, often addressing musculoskeletal issues.

Physical Therapy

Therapeutic approach focusing on restoring movement, strength, and function, including treatments specific to pelvic health.

Pilates

A form of exercise focusing on core strength, flexibility, and alignment, often used to support pelvic and overall health.

Piriformis

A small muscle in the buttock region that helps rotate the hip; tightness can contribute to sciatic nerve pain and pelvic discomfort.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

Hormonal disorder that affects individuals with ovaries, causing irregular menstrual cycles, ovarian cysts, and elevated levels of male hormones (androgens). Symptoms may include acne, excess hair growth, weight gain, and difficulty getting pregnant due to irregular ovulation.

Postpartum

Period following childbirth, typically lasting six weeks but can extend for months as the body recovers. It involves physical, emotional, and hormonal changes, including vaginal healing, uterine contractions, breastfeeding challenges, and pelvic floor recovery.

Postpartum Depression

Type of depression that occurs within a year after childbirth, marked by sadness, anxiety, and irritability, which can interfere with a mother’s ability to care for herself or her baby.

Posture

The alignment and positioning of the body, which impacts pelvic floor health and overall musculoskeletal function.

Pregnancy

When a fertilized egg implants in the uterus, developing into a fetus over about 40 weeks, progressing through three trimesters.

Presmenstrual Syndrome (PMS)

Group of physical and emotional symptoms that occur in the two weeks before a woman's menstrual period. Symptoms can include bloating, breast tenderness, fatigue, mood swings, irritability, anxiety, and changes in appetite.

Prevention

Actions taken to avoid pelvic health issues, such as exercises, education, and early intervention.

Progesterone

A hormone involved in regulating the menstrual cycle and pregnancy, also influencing pelvic tissue health.

Prolapse Repair Surgery

A surgical procedure to restore the position of pelvic organs, like the uterus or bladder, that have descended into the vaginal canal.

Proprioception

The body's ability to sense its position and movement, essential for maintaining balance and coordinated pelvic floor function.

Prostate

A gland in males located below the bladder, contributing to seminal fluid and often involved in pelvic health conditions.

Psychologist or Counselor

A healthcare professional who provides mental health support for issues such as chronic pain, trauma, anxiety, depression, or stress that may impact overall well-being.

Puberty

The developmental stage when the body undergoes hormonal and physical changes, including the onset of reproductive capability.

Pubic Symphysis

The joint where the two pubic bones meet in the front of the pelvis, allowing slight movement and supporting pelvic stability.

Pubis

The front portion of the pelvic bone, forming part of the pubic symphysis and providing structural support.

Puborectalis

A pelvic floor muscle forming part of the levator ani group, crucial for maintaining bowel continence.

Pudendal Nerve

A key nerve in the pelvis responsible for sensation and motor control of the pelvic floor and genital area.

Pudendal Neuralgia

Condition caused by irritation or damage to the pudendal nerve, which provides sensation to the genital and pelvic areas. It can lead to chronic pelvic pain, burning, tingling, or numbness in the genitals, anus, or perineum.

Q

Queefing (Vaginal flatulence)

Release of trapped air from the vagina, often with a gas-like sound, typically occurring during activities like exercise or sex. It’s a normal, harmless bodily function.

R

Rectal Balloon

A device used in biofeedback therapy to assess and retrain pelvic floor muscles involved in bowel function.

Rectal Prolapse

When the rectum slips outside the anus due to weakened support muscles, often from straining, childbirth, or aging. Symptoms include bulging, bowel difficulty, incontinence, and incomplete evacuation.

Rectocele

When the rectal wall bulges into the vaginal wall due to weakened pelvic muscles, often from childbirth or straining. Symptoms include pelvic pressure and bowel movement difficulties.

Rectum

The final section of the large intestine, where stool is stored before being expelled through the anus.

Rehabilitation

Restoring pelvic function and strength after injury, childbirth, or surgery through targeted therapy.

Relaxation

Techniques to release tension in the pelvic floor and improve overall physical and mental well-being.

Round Ligament Pain

Common discomfort during pregnancy, caused by the stretching of the ligaments that support the uterus. It typically presents as sharp or dull pain in the lower abdomen or groin, often triggered by sudden movements, coughing, or sneezing.

S

Sacroiliac Dysfunction

Pain and limited movement in the sacroiliac (SI) joints, where the spine meets the pelvis. It’s often caused by joint inflammation, injury, or misalignment, leading to pain in the lower back, buttocks, and sometimes the legs.

Sacrum

The triangular bone at the base of the spine that connects to the pelvis and stabilizes the upper body.

Scar Tissue

Fibrous tissue that forms after injury or surgery, which can affect pelvic mobility and cause pain if not managed properly.

Sciatica

Pain that radiates along the path of the sciatic nerve, which runs from the lower back through the hips and down each leg. Symptoms include sharp pain, tingling, numbness, or weakness in the affected leg.

Self-care

Personal practices that support pelvic health, including proper hygiene, exercise, and stress management.

Sex Therapist

Therapist who addresses psychological and physical factors impacting sexual health and pelvic-related intimacy issues.

Sexual Health

State of well-being where individuals enjoy a fulfilling, safe sexual life, free from dysfunction or discomfort, respecting their own and their partner's needs and boundaries.

Sphincter

A circular muscle that regulates the opening and closing of passages, such as the urethra and anus, for continence.

Squat

A functional movement that strengthens the legs and core while engaging the pelvic floor muscles for stability.

Stool

Solid waste eliminated from the digestive tract, with proper consistency and regularity crucial for pelvic health.

Straining

Excessive effort during bowel movements or physical activities, which can weaken pelvic floor muscles over time.

Strength

The ability of muscles, especially the pelvic floor, to generate force and provide support to organs and movements.

Stress Management

Techniques to reduce physical and emotional stress, which can affect pelvic floor function and overall health.

Stress Urinary Incontinence

involuntary urine leakage during activities like coughing, sneezing, or exercise, caused by weakened pelvic floor muscles or bladder support.

Stretching

Exercises that lengthen muscles and improve flexibility, essential for reducing tension in the pelvic floor and surrounding areas.

Symphysis Pubis Dysfunction (SPD)

Pelvic pain and instability from excessive movement or misalignment of the pubic symphysis joint, often during pregnancy. It causes pain in the front of the pelvis, lower back, hips, or thighs, which worsens with movement.

T

Testosterone

A hormone present in both men and women, contributing to muscle strength, libido, and tissue health, including the pelvic floor.

Theraband

An elastic resistance band used in physical therapy exercises to strengthen pelvic floor and surrounding muscles.

Therapeutic Modalities

Tools and techniques, such as heat, cold, or electrical stimulation, used to manage pain and promote healing.

Therapeutic Ultrasound

A treatment using sound waves to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and promote tissue healing, often used in pelvic therapy.

Therapy Ball

A stability ball used for exercises to improve core strength, flexibility, and pelvic floor activation.

Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)

A therapy using electrical currents to alleviate pain by stimulating nerves, commonly used for pelvic pain management.

Transversus Abdominis (TA)

Deepest layer of abdominal muscles, located beneath the obliques and rectus abdominis. It wraps around the torso like a corset and plays a key role in stabilizing the spine and pelvis, supporting internal organs, and assisting with breathing and core movement.

Trigger Points

Tight, hyper-irritable areas within a muscle that can cause localized pain or refer pain to other parts of the body. These "knots" form when muscles are overworked, injured, or tense, and they can lead to muscle stiffness, discomfort, and restricted movement.

U

Urge Suppression

Techniques to delay the need to urinate, helping to manage overactive bladder and regain bladder control.

Urge Urinary Incontinence

Sudden, intense need to urinate, leading to involuntary urine loss. It’s linked to overactive bladder and can be triggered by fluids, certain foods, or sounds like running water.

Urinary Incontinence

Involuntary loss of bladder control, causing urine leakage. It may be triggered by coughing, sneezing, or a sudden urge to urinate, often due to weakened pelvic muscles, aging, pregnancy, or medical conditions.

Urinary Retention

The inability to empty the bladder fully, often caused by nerve dysfunction, muscle weakness, or obstructions.

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

Infection that can affect any part of the urinary system, most commonly the bladder. Symptoms include frequent urination, urgency, pain or burning, and cloudy or foul-smelling urine.

Urinary Urgency/Frequency

A sudden, intense need to urinate and the need to go frequently, often disrupting daily activities. Causes include bladder irritation, infections, overactive bladder, or certain medical conditions.

Urination

The process of emptying the bladder, dependent on proper coordination of pelvic floor muscles.

Urodynamics Testing

A series of tests measuring how well the bladder, sphincters, and urethra store and release urine.

Urogynecologist

Healthcare professional who combines expertise in urology and gynecology, focusing on pelvic floor dysfunction, prolapse, incontinence, and complex gynecologic issues.

Urologist

A healthcare professional who specializes in the urinary system, addressing bladder, urethra, and prostate issues, as well as conditions like incontinence, urinary retention, and kidney stones.

Uterine Prolapse

A condition where the uterus descends into or beyond the vaginal canal due to weakened pelvic floor muscles.

Uterus

A muscular organ in females where a fertilized egg implants and grows during pregnancy.

V

Vagina

The muscular canal extending from the vulva to the cervix, essential for childbirth, menstruation, and sexual health.

Vaginal Atrophy

Thinning and drying of the vaginal tissues, often due to decreased estrogen levels during menopause.

Vaginal Birth After Cesarean (VBAC)

Process of giving birth vaginally after a previous cesarean section (C-section).

Vaginal Birth Recovery

Healing from the physical strain of childbirth, including soreness, bleeding, and swelling in the vaginal area. Recovery typically takes a few weeks and may include perineal care, pelvic floor exercises, and rest to promote healing and restore strength.

Vaginal Dilators

Tools used to gently stretch vaginal muscles, reducing discomfort from conditions like vaginismus or pelvic pain. They come in various sizes and are used progressively to improve comfort and flexibility.

Vaginal Dryness

Lack of moisture in the vaginal tissues, causing discomfort or pain, especially during sex. It’s common during menopause but can also result from hormonal changes, medications, or medical conditions.

Vaginal Estrogen Cream

A topical treatment used to improve vaginal tissue health and alleviate dryness or discomfort, particularly post-menopause.

Vaginal Health

The well-being and proper function of the vagina and surrounding areas, including hygiene, bacterial balance, and tissue health. It helps prevent infections, manage discomfort, and support sexual and reproductive health.

Vaginal Vault Prolapse

A condition where the top of the vagina (vault) descends due to weakened pelvic support, often after a hysterectomy.

Vaginismus

Involuntary tightening of the vaginal muscles, making penetration painful or difficult.

Vestibulodynia

Chronic pain or discomfort in the vulvar vestibule (vaginal opening), often triggered by touch or pressure.

Visceral Mobilization

Manual therapy targeting the organs to improve their movement and function, often used for pelvic and abdominal health.

Vulvar Vestibulits

Inflammation of the vulvar vestibule, causing pain, redness, and sensitivity, often associated with vulvodynia.

Vulvodynia

Chronic pain or discomfort around the vulva with no identifiable cause. It may feel like burning, stinging, or rawness, often triggered by touch or pressure.

X

X-ray

Imaging test that uses low-dose radiation to create pictures of the inside of the body, commonly used to examine bones, organs, and other tissues.

Y

Yoga

A holistic practice combining movement, breath, and mindfulness, often beneficial for pelvic floor relaxation and strength.

Women’s health symptoms glossary

Your guide to women’s health. From hormonal shifts to key symptoms, explore the essential terms shaping well-being.

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